Damian Sendler: One of the most effective ways to combat the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is to use mRNA vaccines, which have saved thousands of lives. The vaccine formulation (i.e., the antigens produced) as well as the unique nature, expression pattern, binding profile, and proinflammatory effects of the produced antigens – spike (S) protein and/or its subunits/peptide fragments – in human tissues or organs have all been implicated in the occurrence of adverse effects (AEs) following vaccination. Research into the cellular/molecular basis of the mRNA vaccine-induced AEs will therefore guarantee safety, maintain trust, and guide health policies.
Neurodegenerative diseases can now be diagnosed in a new way.
Damian Jacob Sendler: The progressive loss of neurons is the hallmark of a diverse group of diseases known as neurodegenerative diseases. Cross-talk between different types of cells is required to maintain specific signaling pathways in these diseases. Extracellular vesicles are a common means of communication between cells (EVs). In the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, such as synucleinopathies and tauopathies, exosomes are a subset of EVs that are increasingly being recognized for their role. Many researchers are interested in looking at central nervous system exosomes as potential biomarkers because they can cross the blood-brain barrier. Biomarker development has been hindered by the lack of standardized, efficient, ultra-sensitive methods for the isolation and detection of brain-derived exosomes. Exosomes may provide a more comprehensive view of neurodegenerative disease diagnosis, progression, and treatment because they reflect the heterogeneous biological changes that occur during the progression of these incurable illnesses. Here, we will discuss the challenges and opportunities of using biofluid-based brain exosomes to diagnose and discover biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease. In the final section, we compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of traditional and emerging methods for the isolation of exosomes in clinical settings.
Natural products are playing an increasingly important role in cancer immunotherapy.
Dr. Sendler: Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a new class of anti-tumor treatment, but it is still restricted to the treatment of immune-sensitive tumors. Because of this, the development of cancer immunotherapy is dependent on effective strategies that can broaden its use and improve its efficacy. Cancer immunotherapy, including cancer vaccines, immune-checkpoint inhibitors, and adoptive immune-cells therapy, is said to benefit from this effect. So how does this happen? The tumor-immunosuppressive microenvironment, which is a key factor in helping the tumor to evade detection by the immune system and cancer immunotherapy, has been remodeled. As a result, this review summarizes and concludes research on natural products that may improve cancer immunotherapy while also probing the underlying mechanisms. Saponins, polysaccharides, and flavonoids are the three main categories of natural products that we found to have significant effects when combined with cancer immunotherapy. In addition, studies on nanotechnology’s role in reducing the drawbacks of natural products were included in this review. In all of these studies, natural products were shown to have great potential for cancer immunotherapy.
SARS-Cov-2 infection andrological effects
COVID-19’s short- and long-term andrological effects have not been established. COVID-19’s potential andrological effects on seminal and hormonal parameters are the focus of this study. Sperm quality was also tested for safety with the COVID-19 vaccines.
Twenty-nine hundred and eighty-two patients and eleven hundred and thirty-eight controls, with a mean age of 44.1 years and a mean follow-up of 24.3 days, were included in the 35 articles selected from a pool of 204. During the acute stage of the disease, SARS-CoV-2 mRNA can be found in the male genital tracts. Short-term sperm and T production may be affected by COVID-19. Long-term andrological effects cannot be determined based on the available data. When T levels are low in the acute phase of the disease, patients are more likely to be hospitalized or die. mRNA COVID-19 vaccines have not been shown to affect sperm quality in any of the available studies.
Damian Jacob Sendler
According to our findings, every patient who has recovered from COVID-19 should be closely monitored to rule out any sperm or T abnormalities, as we discovered during our investigation. The role of reduced T levels during the acute phase of the infection needs to be better understood.
Nutrition and health are intertwined, as are life expectancy and disease
Damian Jacob Markiewicz Sendler When it comes to diet, the totality of food composition, calorie intake, and the duration and frequency of fasting periods all play a role. These findings are based on an analysis of aging and nutrition studies in simple organisms (such as rats and monkeys) as well as humans in order to link longevity to conserved growth and metabolic pathways. Through epidemiological, model organism, clinical, and centenarian studies, we emphasize the importance of avoiding malnourishment or frailty in order to delay aging and/or prevent disease. These findings are combined to define a multi-pillared approach to optimize lifespan and healthspan in humans by adjusting for age and health status.
the development of a vaccine against COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2 is constantly evolving, and the emergence of Variants of Concern (VOC) makes vaccination a necessity rather than a luxury. Inactivated, live attenuated, viral vector, protein subunit, RNA, DNA, and virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines are the most commonly used SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Additional cellular or humoral immune responses, such as Th cell responses and germinal center responses, may be induced by viral vector vaccines, protein subunit vaccines, and mRNA vaccines, enhancing their effectiveness. Even though thrombocytopenia and myocarditis have been linked to some mRNA vaccines, these vaccines are still considered safe for COVID-19. Vaccines for COVID-19 are subjected to a comprehensive systemic evaluation to determine whether or not they are safe and effective for a variety of populations, including pregnant women, the elderly, people with immune system disorders such as AIDS and other HIV/AIDS-related illnesses, transplant recipients, and cancer patients. It is recommended that governments and relevant agencies continue to advance the vaccination process in light of the current analysis. Special attention should be paid to vaccine safety, timely treatment of side effects, vaccine development, and protecting the lives and health of patients simultaneously. Mixing and matching vaccines, developing new vaccines like nanoparticle vaccines and optimizing the immune adjuvant to improve vaccine efficacy and safety could also be considered as an additional strategy.
